World of Crypto

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was The official account of WeChat's digital collection was banned. . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For crypto-market claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: EU regulator risk warning . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Social media on the blockchain may be the key to large-scale adoption . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive note: This article covers a company program announced on 30 March 2022. Visa announced a one-year Creator Program for selected artists, musicians, fashion designers and filmmakers interested in learning about non-fungible tokens and digital commerce. The often-cited USD 100 billion figure referred to an estimate of the broader creator economy, not the value of Visa's program or guaranteed NFT revenue. The announcement established the program's launch but did not prove that NFTs would increase a participant's income. NFT markets involve intellectual-property, platform, custody, liquidity and price risks. Primary source: Visa announcement, 30 March 2022 . This historical report is not investment advice.

Archive note: This article records a company filing dated 29 March 2022. MicroStrategy disclosed that its subsidiary MacroStrategy had entered into a USD 205 million term loan with Silvergate Bank on 23 March 2022. The loan was secured by bitcoin and initially required a loan-to-collateral-value ratio of 50% or less. The filing said proceeds could be used to purchase bitcoin and for certain corporate purposes. This was a leveraged corporate financing transaction, not evidence that borrowing to buy bitcoin is appropriate for other companies or individuals. Bitcoin price movements could affect collateral requirements. Primary source: MicroStrategy Form 8-K . This historical report is informational and not investment advice.

Archive note: This article covers the Ronin bridge attack disclosed in March 2022. The Ronin network reported that an attacker compromised validator keys and withdrew crypto-assets from its bridge. US government material later described the theft as approximately USD 620 million and attributed activity to the Lazarus Group. A bridge can combine smart contracts, validators, custody arrangements and off-chain controls. Compromise of a small number of privileged keys can therefore affect assets even when the connected blockchains continue operating normally. Government reference: US Financial Stability Oversight Council digital-assets report . This historical security report is not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Characteristic of Ethereum Classic . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For Ethereum claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: Ethereum developer documentation . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Ethereum Classic (ETC) is a public smart-contract blockchain that continued the original chain after the Ethereum community split in 2016 following The DAO incident. Ethereum and Ethereum Classic share history before the split but are separate networks and assets. Ethereum Classic continues to use proof-of-work consensus and remains compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine. No single organisation controls the network or guarantees its development, security or asset value. Users should distinguish ETC from ETH and verify the selected network before transferring assets. Blockchain reorganisations, application vulnerabilities, custody mistakes and price volatility remain material risks. Technical reference: Ethereum Classic researcher FAQ . This explainer is educational and not investment advice.

Archive note: The original article previewed a UK policy announcement in March 2022. This version records the later consultation. HM Treasury published a consultation on a future financial-services regulatory regime for cryptoassets on 1 February 2023 and a consultation response on 30 October 2023. The proposals covered activities including trading venues, custody, lending, disclosures and market abuse. A policy announcement or consultation is not itself a licence or a complete set of operative rules. Firms and users must check current legislation and FCA requirements for the specific activity. Primary source: HM Treasury consultation and response . This dated policy summary is not legal or investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Cryptocurrency practitioners fled Ukraine and Portugal became a safe haven . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Ukraine launches NFT to raise military spending . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For NFT claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: Ethereum ERC-721 documentation . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Monero (XMR) is a cryptocurrency designed to provide transaction privacy by default. Its protocol uses technologies including stealth addresses, ring signatures and Ring Confidential Transactions to obscure transaction participants and amounts. Privacy does not mean that every use is anonymous under all circumstances. Wallet security, exchange records, endpoint compromise, user behaviour and legal obligations can still expose information. Availability and regulatory treatment also vary by jurisdiction and service provider. Users should obtain software from trusted sources, protect recovery information and confirm local legal requirements. Project reference: Monero: What is Monero? . This neutral technical overview is not investment or legal advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was About Monero . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For crypto-market claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: EU regulator risk warning . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Game-Fi's GAMES . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For crypto-market claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: EU regulator risk warning . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Origin of game-fi . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was What are the characteristics of a high-quality game-fi project? . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was A big decision in the fire! Official legalization of cryptocurrency in Ukraine . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was The state government embracing cryptocurrency is + 1 again! Several states in t... . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive note: This article concerns rules effective from 1 April 2022. Thailand's Securities and Exchange Commission prohibited regulated digital-asset business operators from providing services that supported or promoted the use of digital assets to pay for goods and services. Existing operators were given a transition period to comply. The measure was not a blanket ban on owning or trading cryptocurrency. It focused on services supplied by regulated operators to facilitate crypto payments, reflecting concerns about volatility, cyber risk, money laundering and payment-system stability. Primary source: Thai SEC notice on payment facilitation rules . This dated policy archive is not legal or financial advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Blockchain bifurcation, What is that? . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For crypto-market claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: EU regulator risk warning . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is a cryptocurrency created through a 2017 fork of Bitcoin. The two networks share transaction history before the fork but now use separate consensus rules, communities and native assets. The fork reflected disagreements about scaling and block capacity. Later protocol changes and additional forks mean that old labels such as “ABC” should not be treated as a complete description of the current network. Users must verify network compatibility, address handling and wallet support before transferring funds. BCH and BTC are not interchangeable, and transactions can be irreversible. Reference: Bitcoin Cash project information . This neutral history is educational and not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Prospect analysis of LTC . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Litecoin is an open-source peer-to-peer cryptocurrency launched in 2011. It was derived from Bitcoin's code with different network parameters, including a shorter target block interval and a different proof-of-work hashing algorithm. Those design choices do not make transactions instant, free or risk-free. Confirmation needs depend on the recipient and threat model, while fees and network conditions can change. Litecoin also has its own address formats, software releases and security assumptions. Before transferring funds, users should verify the network, destination address and wallet backup. Transactions are generally irreversible. Technical reference: Litecoin Core repository and documentation . This explainer is educational and not investment advice.

Litecoin is a decentralised peer-to-peer payment network with LTC as its native asset. It uses proof-of-work and a public ledger maintained by independently operated nodes. Litecoin was based on Bitcoin's code but uses different parameters and is a separate network. LTC cannot be sent to an incompatible network without appropriate support, and no organisation guarantees its price, liquidity or acceptance. Key risks include volatility, irreversible transfers, loss of wallet credentials, malicious software, exchange failure and confusion between networks. Verify wallet software and addresses before use. Technical reference: Litecoin Core repository . This overview is informational and not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was What are the different characteristics of NFT at this stage? . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For NFT claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: Ethereum ERC-721 documentation . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

A non-fungible token is a unique token identifier recorded by a smart contract. Holding an NFT normally proves control of that token; it does not automatically transfer copyright, guarantee access to an off-chain file, or establish the market value of the associated item. Important risks include vulnerable contracts, malicious approvals, copied collections, marketplace impersonation, changing metadata, unavailable external storage, creator-rights disputes and limited liquidity. Network fees can also make small transactions uneconomic. Before interacting with an NFT, verify the contract address, token standard, metadata location, licence terms and marketplace permissions. Technical reference: Ethereum ERC-721 documentation . This neutral overview is educational and not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Analyze the value of bitcoin from the perspective of mathematics and blockchain . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

NFTs are individually identifiable rather than interchangeable units. Differences in contract, token ID, creator, attributes, licence terms and provenance can make direct price comparison difficult. Many NFT markets are thin: a displayed listing is only an asking price, while a past sale may not represent the amount available in a future sale. Wash trading, copied collections, changing metadata and dependence on a marketplace or external storage can further distort valuation. Blockchain records can verify token transfers, but they do not guarantee authenticity of an off-chain work, legal ownership rights, liquidity or future demand. Technical references: Ethereum NFT overview and ERC-721 standard overview . This article is educational and not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was NFT vs. defi: NFT activity on Ethereum is rising, while bitcoin demand on defi... . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For NFT claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: Ethereum ERC-721 documentation . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Uncover Russia's virtual currency industry: can bitcoin become Russia's "savior... . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For regulatory or legal claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive note: This article covers a joint warning issued on 17 March 2022. The European Supervisory Authorities — EBA, EIOPA and ESMA — warned that many crypto-assets were highly risky and speculative and might not be suitable for most retail consumers. They highlighted the possibility of losing all invested money, misleading advertising, promises of high returns and limited consumer protection. The warning did not say that every crypto-asset was illegal. It advised consumers to understand the product, provider and applicable protections before making a decision. Primary source: Joint ESA consumer warning, 17 March 2022 . This historical report is informational and not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Summary of Project USDC . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Further more about USDC . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

USD Coin (USDC) is a fiat-backed stablecoin issued by Circle affiliates on supported blockchain networks. It is designed to track the US dollar, but a token held through an exchange or wallet is not the same as a bank deposit. Circle states that USDC is backed by highly liquid cash and cash-equivalent reserves and publishes reserve information and monthly third-party assurance reports. Direct minting and redemption access, eligibility and legal protections depend on the user, product and jurisdiction. Risks include temporary price deviations, issuer and banking exposure, frozen addresses, smart-contract or bridge risk, exchange failure and transfers to unsupported networks. Issuer references: Circle USDC documentation and reserve transparency page . This overview is informational and not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was The rise of Tether and it's legal provision. . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Tether issues fiat-referenced tokens commonly known as USDT on several blockchain networks. The tokens are designed to track the US dollar, but they are liabilities of an issuer rather than central-bank money or an insured bank deposit. Reserve composition, eligible redemption, fees and supported networks can change. Tether publishes reserve reports and product terms, but users should read the current documents rather than rely on an old summary or assume that every exchange customer can redeem directly. Material risks include loss of the peg, issuer and banking exposure, address freezing, exchange or custodian failure, smart-contract risk and sending tokens on the wrong network. Issuer references: Tether transparency page and product information document . This neutral overview is not investment advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Development Tether coin . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Introduction of Tether . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Limitation, Profit model and Investment value of XRP . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For crypto-market claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: EU regulator risk warning . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Relationship between the XRP and Ripple's gateway . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Ripple's Price Trend . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For Ethereum claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: Ethereum developer documentation . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was How Ripple system work? . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Ripple System and Ripple Coin . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

Archive review: The original version of this page was removed from public view because its claims, promotional framing or sources did not meet the current editorial standard. The earlier topic was Ripple coin's help to small enterprises . This review does not repeat that claim as established fact. Historical crypto reporting must identify the exact date, source, legal or product status at that time, and any material later outcome. For stablecoin claims, readers should prefer direct regulator, court, filing, protocol or issuer records and distinguish verified facts from allegations, company statements and market speculation. Reference: FSB crypto-asset framework . Cryptoassets are volatile and may result in total loss. This archive review is informational and is not investment, legal or tax advice.

XRP is the native digital asset of the XRP Ledger, a public blockchain designed to record and settle transactions. XRP is used within the ledger for transaction fees and can serve as a bridge asset, but it is distinct from the private company Ripple. The network uses a consensus process involving validators rather than Bitcoin-style mining. Applications and issued assets can operate on the ledger, while XRP itself is not a share in Ripple and does not provide ownership rights in a company. Risks include price volatility, custody failure, destination-tag errors, service-provider restrictions and changing regulation. Technical reference: XRPL documentation . This explainer is not investment advice.